*******************************************************************************************************************
Flight Dynamics for the single seat Breda Ba 65 Series II with Fiat A.80RC41 engine and Hamilton Standard c/s screw
*******************************************************************************************************************

[fltsim.0]
title=Ba65 Fiat 1
sim=Ba65 dispensers and pylons
model= A
panel=
sound=
texture= 65_16_11
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) pylons + dispensers
ui_variation=1938 Puig Moreno, Spain
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 of the 'Aviazione Legionaria' with external bomb pylons fitted in the field by the 65th Squadriglia Autonoma, based at Puig Moreno, Spain, during 1938. The spolier key must be used to add / drop external bombs visually as well as adding / subtracting their profile drag. The Breda 65 pioneered and developed the doctrine which would soon be known as 'blitzkrieg'. The original Breda 65 'assalto' flew combat missions over Spain with the 'Aviazione Legionaria' from August 1937. The exceptionally fast Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) featured in this flight sim release made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. Full details of combat operations over Spain to allow detailed mission simulation are within the supplied comparative history.txt.  

[fltsim.1]
title=Ba65 Fiat 2
sim=Ba65 bomb chutes
model= C
panel=
sound=
texture= 65_16_11
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes
ui_variation=1938 Puig Moreno, Spain
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 of the 'Aviazione Legionaria' retaining original internal bomb chutes for area bombing missions, assigned to the 65th Squadriglia Autonoma, based at Puig Moreno in Spain during 1938. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Breda 65 pioneered and developed the doctrine which would soon be known as 'blitzkrieg'. The original Breda 65 'assalto' flew combat missions over Spain with the 'Aviazione Legionaria' from August 1937. The exceptionally fast Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) featured in this flight sim release made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. Full details of combat operations over Spain to allow detailed mission simulation are within the supplied comparative history.txt. 

[fltsim.2]
title=Ba65 Fiat 3
sim=Ba65 dispensers and pylons
model= A
panel=
sound=
texture=159_14
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) pylons + dispensers
ui_variation=1940 Tobruk, Libya    
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=159th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Ltn.Adriano Visconti, Tobruk, Libya November 1940. Bomb pylons were added after arrival in Libya. The spoiler key must be used to load or drop external bombs. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya, where they were squandered providing close air support for the Italian Army between June 1940 and January 1941. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt.  


[fltsim.3]
title=Ba65 Fiat 4
sim=Ba65 bomb chutes
model= C
panel=
sound=
texture=159_14
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes
ui_variation=1940 Tobruk, Libya
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=159th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Ltn.Adriano Visconti, Tobruk, Libya November 1940. Before addition of pylons retaining internal bomb chutes for area bombing. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya, where they were squandered providing close air support for the Italian Army between June 1940 and January 1941. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt.  

[fltsim.4]
title=Ba65 Fiat 5
sim=Ba65 bomb chutes
model= C
panel=
sound=
texture=160_2
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes
ui_variation=1939 Treviso, Italy
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Treviso in Italy during 1939 in contemplation of war against Yugoslavia. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. This aircraft is currently configured for medium level area bombing with the bomb chute weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010.

[fltsim.5]
title=Ba65 Fiat 6
sim=Ba65 dispensers
model= D
panel=
sound=
texture=160_2
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers
ui_variation=1939 Treviso, Italy 
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Treviso in Italy during 1939 in contemplation of war against Yugoslavia. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. This aircraft is currently configured for ultra low level lay down assault far beyond enemy lines with the 4 x grenade dispenser weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010.

[fltsim.6]
title=Ba65 Fiat 7
sim=Ba65 bomb chutes
model= C
panel=
sound=
texture=165_12
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes
ui_variation=1940 Benghazi, Libya
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=165th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Benghazi, Libya, May 1940 before Italian declaration of war. Equipped with internal bomb chutes for medium level area bombing. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt.  By Manuele Villa, April 2010.


[fltsim.7]
title=Ba65 Fiat 8
sim=Ba65 dispensers
model=D
panel=
sound=
texture=165_12
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers
ui_variation=1940 Benghazi, Libya 
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=165th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Benghazi, Libya, May 1940 before Italian declaration of war. Equipped with 4 x grenade launcher pack for ultra low level lay down assault. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt.  By Manuele Villa, April 2010.

[fltsim.8]
title=Ba65 Fiat 9
sim=Ba65 bomb chutes
model=C
panel=
sound=
texture=101_6
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes
ui_variation=1938 Milan, Italy 
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Lonate Pozzolo, Italy, late 1938 in contemplation of war against France. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. This aircraft is currently configured for medium level area bombing with the bomb chute weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010.

[fltsim.9]
title=Ba65 Fiat 10
sim=Ba65 dispensers
model= D
panel=
sound=
texture=101_6
kb_reference=ba65_ref
ui_manufacturer=Breda
ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers
ui_variation=1938 Milan, Italy 
atc_id=
atc_id_color=0xffffffff
description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Lonate Pozzolo, Italy, late 1938 in contemplation of war against France. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. This aircraft is currently configured with the 4 x grenade dispenser weapon pack for ultra low level 'long range' lay down assault, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010.

[General]
performance=See on screen handling notes and read 'How to survive flying the Breda 65.htm' for extensive handling and realism hints. For sortie planning, locations, fuel and weather planning see 'Comparative history of the Breda 65.txt'.


[Views]

eyepoint= 1.35, 0, 2.8 //controls parallax compliance (see How to survive flying teh Ba 65.htm)


[fuel]

Standard fuel load is 1014lbs of low lead 87 Octane AVGAS. 

LeftMain  = 2,0,0,91,0  //Forward fuselage tank - designation matches gauge code
RightMain =-2,0,0,78,0  //Aft fuselage tank     - designation matches gauge code

fuel_type=1
number_of_tank_selectors=1
electric_pump=0

There was provision to fit a bomb bay tank for long range ferrying, but there is no evidence that it was ever used after trials, since no attempt was made to deploy the Ba 65 to Italian East Africa.


[WEIGHT_AND_BALANCE]

empty_weight    = 6306	//including tail ballast, oil, hydraulic fluid, flare pistol, flares, guns, ammo, etc 
max_gross_weight= 7960 		

reference_datum_position  = 0  , 0   , 0
empty_weight_CG_position  = 0.1, 0.05, 0 //Fiat A.80 engine too heavy and wings of unequal area

station_load.0 =  200, 0, 0, 0  ;pilot in flying clothing with parachute
station_load.1 =  440, 0, 0, 0  ;2 x 100Kg bombs or 100 x 2Kg 'cluster munitions'

With maximum (also standard) fuel loaded the maximum bombload of the Ba65 is only 200Kg (440lbs). The Ba 65 was capable of lifting more bombs internally, (in matched left v right diagonal pairs), but every extra pair of 50Kg or 100Kg bombs loaded internally required 220lbs or 440lbs of the standard fuel above to be drained before flight. Since maximum tankage was only 1,014lbs of AVGAS to begin with, draining 440lbs of fuel (always from the forward tank, allowed the bombload to be 400Kg (880lbs), but reduced combat radius to just over 90 miles. Maximum allowable bombload was reduced to 336Kg = 740lbs in October 1938 just as the Ba 65 A.80 made its combat debut over Spain. See Ba 65 comparative history.txt for more detail concerning fuel planning. 

The maximum external bombload was 2 x 100Kg = standard bombload. See 'How to survive flying the Ba 65' for more detail and instructions for adding profile drag of external bombs.

empty_weight_pitch_MOI = 11500
empty_weight_roll_MOI  = 10000
empty_weight_yaw_MOI   = 20000

empty_weight_coupled_MOI = 0


[GeneralEngineData]

engine_type=0
Engine.0=11,0,0
fuel_flow_scalar=0.96 // Not supported by Fiat data, but Breda claim is matched in these FD.  
min_throttle_limit=0.000000

[piston_engine]

Fiat A.80RC41

critical_altitude=13451		//4100M since TOGA and rated RPM (of the turbine) are equal  	
cylinder_displacement=154.89
compression_ratio=6.7
number_of_cylinders=18
max_rated_rpm=2100		//TOGA and rated
max_rated_hp=1000		//Rated
fuel_metering_type=1
fuel_air_auto_mixture=1
cooling_type=0
normalized_starter_torque=0.12	
turbocharged=1
max_design_mp=28.96		//auto boost limited to 1.0 C (Kg/cm^2)
min_design_mp=0
emergency_boost_type=0
emergency_boost_mp_offset=0.000000
emergency_boost_gain_offset=0.000000
auto_ignition=0
max_rpm_mechanical_efficiency_scalar=1.000000
idle_rpm_mechanical_efficiency_scalar=1.000000
max_rpm_friction_scalar=1.000000
idle_rpm_friction_scalar=1.000000

[propeller]
propeller_type=0
propeller_blades=3
gear_reduction_ratio=1.6		
propeller_diameter=11	
propeller_moi=20	
beta_max=43.0					
beta_min=16.0					
prop_sync_available=0                        
prop_deice_available=0                     
prop_feathering_available=0
feathering_switches = 0                        
prop_auto_feathering_available=0 
min_rpm_for_feather=0                     
beta_feather=88
defeathering_accumulators_available=0     
prop_reverse_available=0                                
power_absorbed_cf=0.9                          
minimum_on_ground_beta=0.000000    				
minimum_reverse_beta=0.000000                    
min_gov_rpm=0.000000
prop_tc=0.1
low_speed_theory_limit=80.000000
fixed_pitch_beta=0


[airplane_geometry]
oswald_efficiency_factor=0.68
wing_area=253	
wing_span=39	       //11.9 metres
wing_root_chord=6.49   //actually MAC and AR almost certainly designed to be 6.0 exactly despite unequal wings
wing_pos_apex_lon=1.62
wing_pos_apex_vert=0
elevator_area=13.05
aileron_area=12.73
rudder_area=10.41
elevator_up_limit=25
elevator_down_limit=25
aileron_up_limit=20
aileron_down_limit=18
rudder_limit=22
elevator_trim_limit=20
spoiler_limit=60	//used to create drag of underwing bombs (until dropped) and controls visible bomb animation
htail_area = 39.29
htail_span = 15.19
htail_pos_lon = -20
htail_pos_vert = 0
htail_incidence = 0
htail_sweep = 0
vtail_area = 24.92
vtail_span = 6.19
vtail_sweep = 0
vtail_pos_lon = -17.79
vtail_pos_vert = 0
spoilerons_available=0
aileron_to_spoileron_gain=0
min_ailerons_for_spoilerons=0
min_flaps_for_spoilerons=0
wing_dihedral=0
wing_incidence=0
wing_twist=0
wing_winglets_flag=0
wing_sweep=0


[flaps.0]   

Vfe = 230 KmIAS
   
type = 1
extending-time = 15
flaps-position.0 =  0,   0
flaps-position.1 = 10, 124
flaps-position.2 = 15, 124
flaps-position.3 = 30, 124
lift_scalar=0
drag_scalar=1
pitch_scalar=1


[Flaps.1] 

type=1 
extending-time=15 
flaps-position.0= 0,  0 
flaps-position.1= 7,124 
flaps-position.2=10,124 
flaps-position.3=30,124
drag_scalar=0
pitch_scalar=0

 
[Reference Speeds]

flaps_up_stall_speed  = 67    //Vs  = 124 KmIAS automatic slats open and flaps closed
full_flaps_stall_speed= 60    //Vs0 = 111 KmIAS with full flap and slats open
cruise_speed          =192    //design cruise KTAS at design cruise altitude in ISA (FL150)
max_indicated_speed   =243    //Vne - tail structure is critically weak 


[contact_points]

Vle = 250 KmIAS

No tailwheel locking or steering - see how to survive flying the Ba 65 in the Read Before Flight folder

static_pitch = 12.5
static_cg_height = 5.6
gear_system_type=0

point.0 = 1, -18.2,   0, -2.6,  800, 0, 0.54, 180, 0.46, 2.5, 0.465, 9, 9,  0, 135, 135
point.1 = 1,   1  ,-4.5, -6.2, 1200, 1, 1   ,   0, 0.53, 2.5, 0.823, 9, 10, 2, 135, 135
point.2 = 1,   1  , 4.5, -6.2, 1200, 2, 1   ,   0, 0.53, 2.5, 0.823, 9, 10, 3, 135, 135

point.3 = 2, 0, -19.8259, -1.1404, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0
point.4 = 2, -0.0129, 19.7546, -1.1208, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0
point.5 = 2, -23.218, 0, 0.7116, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0
point.6 = 2, 12.3089, 0, -3.4448, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0

[brakes]
parking_brake=1
toe_brakes_scale=0.3                    //to enable joystick button control of parking brake
differential_braking_scale = 0          //no differential braking

[electrical]
max_battery_voltage = 24
generator_alternator_voltage = 28
max_generator_alternator_amps = 60
engine_generator_map = 1
electric_always_available = 0

[lights]

// types: 2=gun flash, 3=nav, 4=vc, 5=landing and taxi

light.0 = 3, 1.84, 18.12, 0.97,fx_navgresml
light.1 = 3, 1.84, -18.11, 0.97,fx_navredsml
light.2 = 3, -21.16, 0, 0.14,fx_navwhisml
light.3 = 4, 2.01, 0, 2.82,fx_vclight
light.4 = 5, -0.74, -6.23, -1.15, fx_landing
light.5 = 2, 5.09, 6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M
light.6 = 2, 5.09, -6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M
light.7 = 2, 3.86, 8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M
light.8 = 2, 3.86, -8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M
//light.0 = 3, 1.84, 18.12, 0.97,fx_shockwave_navgre
//light.1 = 3, 1.84, -18.11, 0.97,fx_shockwave_navred   
//light.2 = 3, -21.16, 0, 0.14,fx_shockwave_navwhi_l_old
//light.3 = 4, 2.01, 0, 2.82,fx_shockwave_vclight
//light.4 = 5, -0.74, -6.23, -1.15, fx_shockwave_landing_light_tail_old
//light.5 = 2, 5.09, 6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M
//light.6 = 2, 5.09, -6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M
//light.7 = 2, 3.86, 8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M
//light.8 = 2, 3.86, -8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M

[smokesystem]
//smoke.0 = -2, -4, 0, fx_flare

[gear_warning_system]  
gear_warning_available=0
pct_throttle_limit=0.1
flap_limit_power=16  
flap_limit_idle=16

[keyboard_response]
elevator=350.000000,500.000000
aileron=450.000000,1000.000000
rudder=200.000000,1000.000000

[hydraulic_system]
electric_pumps=0
engine_map=1
normal_pressure=1500

[stall_warning]
type=0

[attitude_indicators]
attitude_indicator.0=1

[turn_indicators]
turn_indicator.0=1,0

[direction_indicators]
direction_indicator.0=1,0


[folding_wings]
wing_fold_system_type =  0
fold_rates =  0, 0.11

[TailHook]
tailhook_length = 0
tailhook_position = 0, 0, 0
cable_force_adjust = 1

[LSO]
LSOAdjustSpeed = 1.2

[exits]
number_of_exits = 2
exit_rate.0 = 0.4
exit_rate.1 = 0.4

[forcefeedback]	//not tested

gear_bump_nose_magnitude=3000           ; 0 - 10000
gear_bump_nose_direction=18000          ; 0 - 35999 degrees
gear_bump_nose_duration=250000          ; in microseconds
gear_bump_left_magnitude=2700           ; 0 - 10000
gear_bump_left_direction=35500          ; 0 - 35999 degrees
gear_bump_left_duration=250000          ; in microseconds
gear_bump_right_magnitude=2700          ; 0 - 10000
gear_bump_right_direction=00500         ; 0 - 35999 degrees
gear_bump_right_duration=250000         ; in microseconds
ground_bumps_magnitude1=1300            ; 0 - 10000
ground_bumps_angle1=08900               ; 0 - 35999 degrees
ground_bumps_intercept1=3.0
ground_bumps_slope1=0.20
ground_bumps_magnitude2=200             ; 0 - 10000
ground_bumps_angle2=09100               ; 0 - 35999 degrees
ground_bumps_intercept2=1.075
ground_bumps_slope2=0.035
crash_magnitude1=10000                  ; 0 - 10000
crash_direction1=01000                  ; 0 - 35999 degrees
crash_magnitude2=10000                  ; 0 - 10000
crash_direction2=9000                   ; 0 - 35999 degrees
crash_period2=75000                     ; in microseconds
crash_duration2=2500000                 ; in microseconds



[autopilot]	

autopilot_available=0
flight_director_available=0
default_vertical_speed=0
autothrottle_available=0